Delmar The Spy That Got Away Essay -- manhattan project, george coval,

INTRODUCTION This research paper is about the Soviet spy, George Koval, codename DELMAR who penetrated the Manhattan Project. The purpose of this research paper is to identify lessons learned based on George Koval’s activities with the Manhattan Project and not repeat the same Counterintelligence failures in the future. George Koval managed to elude capture and operate virtually unsuspected for the entire length of his espionage career against the U.S. and so little is known about him. Analysis of his activities should prove to be extremely valuable to the intelligence community. BACKGROUND On Christmas day in December 1913, in Sioux City, Iowa, George Koval was born to a family of Jewish immigrants from Belarus, then part of the Soviet Union. George Koval’s father, Abraham was a carpenter and his mother, Ethel Koval was a convert to Socialism. George Koval’s parents maintained correspondence with members of their extended family in the Soviet Union. In the 1920s, they got involved with an American society to help with the resettlement of Jews in the Soviet Union, a Communist organization. This organization was called Idishe Kolonizatzie in Sovetn Farband (IKOR). Since 1928, IKOR’s main focus had been Jewish resettlement in Birobidzhan, a city near the border of Manchuria that Stalin promoted as a secular Jewish homeland. Abraham Koval was the secretary of the Sioux City IKOR branch in the 1920s. The Koval family held strong Communist beliefs that were instilled in George Koval from an early age. While attending high school at Central High School, known locally as the castle on the hill in Sioux City, Iowa, George Koval joined the Young Communist League, and in August 1930 was its delegate to the Iowa co... ...ded over to the GRU (military intelligence) Museum the Gold Star medal and Hero of Russia certificate and document bestowed on Soviet intelligence officer George Koval". Kremlin.ru. President of Russia. Retrieved 2009-06-20. Srebrnik, Henry (2001). Gennady Estraikh; Mikhail Krutikov, â€Å"Yiddish and the Left Diaspora, Ethnicity and Dreams of Nationhood: North American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project† Oxford: Legenda Press. Walsh, Michael (May 2009). "George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked". Smithsonian. Nora Levin, 1988, vol. 1. â€Å"The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917†. Cited from George Koval FBI investigative file, in Andrey Shitov, Op. Cit. Vladimir Lota, Red Star, July 25, 2007 â€Å"His Name Was Delmar†. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/cias-analysis-of-the-soviet-union-1947-1991/

Illegal Immigration in America

Hendry Miranda Professor Pauline Rodock English 1301 October 10, 2012 Illegal Immigration in America America has always been a country of immigrants. Ever since the birth of this nation, waves of immigrants have come here in search of a happier life. America is known all over the world as a place where people can be free in so many different ways, a place where prosperity is possible for those who work hard and want a better life for their offspring. The dilemma is though, many of those pursuing the â€Å"American Dream† come here illegally, and thus breaking the laws of the very same country they want to live in, right from the beginning.This research exposes some facts about the so heated debate of illegal immigration in America. In recent years America has experienced a record of illegal immigration without precedents. According to the USCIS (United States Citizenship and Immigration Service) there are two classes of illegal immigrants. First class corresponds to â€Å"ove r-stayers†, and this refers to those people who at some point legally entered the United States under any kind of visa, and simply stayed once that document expired.Most of this â€Å"over-stayers† are foreigners who came to the United States with student visas, or who came here with tourist/business visas. Even though once they over stay they are considered illegal immigrants, the government has an idea of who those people are because these kind of immigrants need to go through extensive filters in the American embassies of their country in order to get an American visa. On the other hand, the USCIS also has the Illegal Alien classification. These are the people who enter the United States without any kind of legal registry or document.The vast majority of these illegal aliens enter the United States through the Mexican border. Also, most of these immigrants are of Hispanic origins, specifically Mexicans. â€Å"Between now and 2020, the Hispanic population will increa se by 77%, compared to a 69% for Asians, 32% for African Americans, 26% for Native Americans, and 1% for non-Hispanic whites, according to the Alliance for Excellent Education. As a result, by 2020 the nation’s adult population, ages 25 to 64, will be 63 percent white, 17 percent Hispanic, 13 percent African American, 6 percent Asian, and about 1% native American† highlighted in Hardy, page 5). This illegal immigration issue has am impact in every aspect of the American way of life. Many will say and prove that the illegal immigration problem is out of control. It is estimated that more than 20 million people live illegally in the United States. Those who are pro illegal immigration insist that is wrong to label these people as â€Å"criminals† since their only â€Å"crime† is to come to America in search of better opportunities, in search of what for any reason they cannot have in their homeland.They claim that they come here to work, â€Å"to do the job s most American will not do†. Many of these groups believe that amnesty should be granted to those who meet some basic requirements, such as living in the United States continuously for more than 7 years, not having a criminal record etc. Illegal immigration groups have deep roots in many places in America and they have supporter that will do anything in order to protect the â€Å"basic rights† of the individuals that find themselves in this dilemma.A very good example of this, are the so called Sanctuary Cities: â€Å"In the United States, a number of cities in the southwest have declared themselves cities of refugee or asylum for undocumented immigrants. In April 2006, for example, Oakland, California city officials declared that would no longer cooperate with federal officials in conducting raids to capture undocumented immigrants† (highlighted in Carlson, page 267). These cities actually facilitate the stay of illegal immigrants by providing free medical care , no checks for obtaining jobs, no checks for renting a home just to name a few.San Francisco is well known to be a major Sanctuary city for illegal immigrants. Many of the illegal immigrants also use the â€Å"Anchor Baby† phenomenon. Meaning they will have kids in American soil who have the right to citizenship, in the hopes that one day they will obtain citizenship too through their American-born kids. They take advantage of the 14th Amendment, which grants citizenship to any person born in American soil. This is an outdated law that, after the end of the American Civil War, granted citizenship to the newly freed African American slaves.Illegal immigrants do not pay income taxes but at the same time have access to all the benefits provided by the taxpayers. Also the school systems are overcrowded in many states, thanks to the increasing number of illegal immigrants. In many cases, being an illegal immigrant can actually benefit these people: â€Å"Texas was the first stat e to respond, passing legislation granting in-state tuition rates to illegal students in 2001. California followed later that year. Other states that have enacted such laws include Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Utah, and Washington† (highlighted in Gilroy, page 16).Many anti-amnesty groups explain that opposing the amnesty is not a racial issue, but a matter of doing what’s right. The United States of America is a country of law, and by entering illegally they’re already breaking the law, right from the beginning. It’s not being anti immigration, â€Å"legal† is the key word here. Granting citizenship to illegal alien would encourage more illegal immigration. Not only that, but it will be taken as an insult by all the legal immigrants who did the right thing and followed the rules of the game to be in the United States.Most legal immigrants spend a lot of time and effort in order to get here, in some cases having to pay thousands of dollars and having to wait years for that privilege. The dram act is another attempt by illegal-immigrant supporters to legalize their status. It basically would give a path to citizenship to illegal immigrants who came to the United States as children, brought by their parents and with no faults of their own. They would have to be under the age of 16, have finished High School, free of criminal records and willing to serve in the military for at least two years.While this might sound fair for the illegals, then again it is unfair for those who came here legally and many people see this as another invitation to come to this country illegally. It is true, there must be an immigration reform, and a solution must be found to deal with the millions of illegal immigrants currently in America. Until that happens, the government should do all in its power to stop this issue from becoming bigger. The borders need to be secured and the constitution amended so illegal aliens sto p taking advantage of the â€Å"anchor baby† tactic.America still is one if not the most multicultural country in the world, Works Cited Carlson, D. (2009). The Border Crossed Us: Education, Hospitality politics, and the Social Consturction of the â€Å"illegal immigrant†. Educational Theory, 59(3), 259-277. Gilroy, M. (2009). Battle Continues over In-State Tuition for Illegal immigrants. Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed For Quick Review, 74(8), 16-20. Hardy, L. (2007). Coping with Illegal immigrants in School. Education Digest: Essential Readings Condesnsed For Quick Review, 72(9), 4-6.

Teacher Motivation and Its Effect on the Academic...

Fall 2011 Gender differences on Intrinsic Motivation in Hong Kong Higher Education Hon Keung Yau Man Shan Kan City University of Hong Kong Alison Lai Fong Cheng Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate if there are different levels of intrinsic motivation towards study, curiosity and external regulation among males and females. This study focuses are attained by conducting a survey (137 students) among a local university in Hong Kong. Results show that among all students, no matter males or females, their levels of intrinsic motivation towards study, curiosity and external are the same. Burger, Dahlgren, and MacDonald (2006) found that male have higher intrinsic motivation to gamble when compared with female. Another study†¦show more content†¦In view that Ning and Downing (2010) have conducted a research study among 581 university students in Hong Kong and found that student motivation is the strongest predictor to their academic performance while few attempts t o investigate more specific factors such as curiosity and external regulation that whether they affect intrinsic motivation among university students in Hong Kong, the relationship between these factors and intrinsic motivation are deeply investigated so as to improve student intrinsic motivation. Also, whether males or females would have higher level of intrinsic motivation is also studied. These serve as the purpose of this paper. We attempt to fill the research gap by asking the following research questions: 64 e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 (1) Is there any difference in the level of intrinsic motivation towards learning between males and females for Hong Kong university students? (2) Is there any difference in the level of curiosity between males and females for Hong Kong university students? (3) Is there any difference in the level of external regulation between males and females for Hong Kong university students? These questions are answered by conducting a quantitative survey among a local university in Hong Kong. The result indicates that there is no difference in the level of curiosity, external regulation or intrinsic motivation towards learning between malesShow MoreRelatedArticle Critique : The Journal Of School Psychology1334 Words   |  6 Pages Article Critique Alyssa J. 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The question they wanted to answer was, â€Å"Do ECE program participants have better achievement in fifth grade than others who were not in an ECE program?† They sampled children were first-time or repeat kindergarteners, kids who did not complete the first assessment in English, children who needed special education, and had movedRead MoreSchool Wide Achievement Effects On Children1621 Words   |  7 Pagesthey were trying to see how much school-wide achievement effects the relationship between early childhood education and performance in reading and math in fifth graders. The question they wanted to answer was, â€Å"Do ECE program participants have better achievement in fifth grade than others who were not in an ECE program?† They sampled children were first-time or repeat kindergarteners, kids who did not complete the first assessment in English, children who needed special education, or had moved schoolsRead MoreEssay On Early Childhood Education1498 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents within pre-school programs, kindergarten programs and ultimately through the second grade. Educators influence our children in order to become fully prepared for the future generation. It has been stereotyped that these educators may teach simple topics; however, these particular concepts are the fundamentals toward a child’s emotional and academic growth. 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However, even though I grew up and graduated from Washington, DC Public Schools, through research I have found that there are many similarities when when it comes to the effects of poverty

The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe - 875 Words

Take it to the grave In Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"the cask of amontillado† we are introduced to the character Montressor who has been wronged by his foe Fortunato. Montressor in response to this offense vows revenge on Fortuanto. With the use of sweet talk and a delicious wine Montressor leads Forutnato into the catacombs where he encloses Fortunato behind a brick wall to die. This series of events and eventual ending begs questions like whether Was he wrong for taking matters into his own hands? And why does Montressor after years and years go by is he confessing to this murder? Does this make Montressor a sociopath? In today’s new age thinking, what transpired between Montressor and Fortunato is completely unacceptable and is punishable by law. Taking the law into your own hands is frowned upon. However, the setting of this story is in 17th century Italy where it was quite easier to get away with murder. More so Montressor states â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as best I could† (N108). Montresor from the beginning lets us know that Fortunato has wrong so many times and for a while he tried to let it go but the anger and rage from whatever he did, was building up to the point where he couldn’t take it any longer. Montressor also states â€Å"at length I would be revenged†. His mind was made up and when the opportunity came along, an eye for an eye came to full fruition. Furthermore, this murder was a non- physical murder. He trapped him behind a brick wall to die andShow MoreRelatedThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe992 Words   |  4 Page sEdgar Allen Poe had many pieces of literature, but one in particular â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† reflected his personality. It is a short story that can be read easily, and can take on many ironies. The several ironies can point to the fact that Poe himself was implanted into the story as he was a mysterious man. There are several characters with different personalities often interpreted as Poe hiding his dark side which would be â€Å"Montresor†. The other personality Fortunato could be that drunken personalityRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe953 Words   |  4 Pagesseek revenge. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a short story by the American poet, editor and story writer Edgar Allen Poe. This story is a tale of revenge touching on the darker sides of human nature and at what lengths a man will go to achieve vengeance. We are told by our narrator Montresor that he had been insulted by a wealthy wine connoisseur named Fortunato. Montresor picks him out of the carnival and lures him into his wine cellar with promise of a renown sherry wine, Amontillado. Fortunato is baitedRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1052 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was one of the most famed authors of death, decay, and depression in the 18th century. 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Poe perfectly portrays the way someone you think is your best friend could just as well be your biggest enemy. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Edgar Allen Poe uses Montresor’s point of view, plot, and symbolism to convey the cold, merciless man who is MontresorRead More`` Cask Of Amontillado `` By Edgar Allen Poe1505 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was a writer who sculpted every detail to create his desired â€Å"theme†. His short stories are mostly representing the murder of a character. The murderer, who is the narrator, explains the plan for the murder. The narrator destroys the humans around him through his destructive mind. The reason for the murder is revenge and hatred. In â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Poe utilized â€Å"unreliable na rrators,† he even created similarities between murder and victim to establishRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1492 Words   |  6 Pages McMullen 531-06 1 September 2014 Summer Reading The Cask of Amontillado In The Cask of Amontillado, by Edgar Allen Poe, Montressor is able to successfully manipulate Fortunato s arrogance and pride and use it against him as revenge. Montressor knows that Fortunato has a love for wine. Montressor tells Fortunato that he may have acquired Amontillado, a very nice wine. Montressor is not quite sure if the wine is Amontillado, but since Fotunato appears to be occupied Montressor saysRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1723 Words   |  7 Pages Were Montresor’s action in The Cask of Amontillado justified? Is killing someone justifiable? In Edgar Allen Poe’s short story The Cask of Amontillado that question is one that could be asked. The short story is about a man named Montresor and his quest to get revenge on his foe Fourtando who has apparently insulted Montresor. Around the time of the carnival season Montresor leaves his house to go find Fourtando and get his revenge he tells none of his servants toRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe884 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† by Edgar Allen Poe, one finds the horror throughout its pages. The ideas of unexplained revenge and images of scenes only getting darker and colder cause one to have feelings of dread and disbelief. The protagonist, Montresor, has waited fifty years to tell his story, and one has to question the reliability of what he is saying. Questions of true justice and the power of an insult arise, only magnifying those ideas of horror. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado ,† one sees a

Advertising A Safe Haven For Children - 1860 Words

Children are targets who advertisers and major companies aim because of the massive influence they have in their parents’ spending trends. Advertisers have noted how effective advertising is to children and have spent nearly twelve billion dollars a year directly marketing products to young children. Everywhere children go, they are bombarded by a constant stream of advertisements in every aspect of their young lives. Advertisements stalk children in any setting, whether it in the comfort of their homes or in schools, with the objective of polluting their minds with the images companies try to convey. Instead of being a safe haven for children, home and school have become the catalyst locations for many advertisers to spread their influence.. Children cannot avoid ads by going home or going to school since it is forced upon them, so advertisers take advantage by putting commercials on television after school and by sponsoring school programs during the day as marketing ploys. What marketers fail to realize in their efforts to make money is the physical and psychological consequences these advertisements have on children. Many of the products advertised by the media play on a child’s developing psyche, which could result in harmful effects in a developing personality and self-image. It takes advantage of a child’s inability to differentiate between a commercial and the persuasive intent in the message. It is pitting intelligent MBA-titled adults against the incrediblyShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : The United States1250 Words   |  5 PagesWhere does your mind wander when someone talks about child trafficking? Do you think of children from third world countries being kidnapped or sold into the black market of human trafficking? Most of us probably think of human trafficking as being an issue that poor countries just have but, that isn’t the case. Human trafficking is alive and sadly thriving in the United States. 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By definition, child sex trafficking is â€Å"when a child (under 18 years of age) is induced to perform a commercial sex act† (U.S., 2013, para. 4), and includes forms such as prostitution and pornography (Kotrla, 2010). Researchers suggest that children are the most vulnerable to becoming victims of prostitution (Kotrla), and it is estima ted that there areRead MoreMoises Gutierrez : A And Safe For Anyone1471 Words   |  6 Pageshomes constantly, while other times they did not live in homes at all. Yet despite their living and financial status, they would constantly live in neighborhoods that were great and safe for anyone. Those neighborhoods would have many other children to play with, and many of the adults were good people, proving a haven for all those within the neighborhood, no matter how much money they are or aren’t making. 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By advertising so heavily for drugs that the majority of the population does not need, pharmaceuticalRead MoreThe Food Industry and Self-Regulation: Standards to Promote Success and to Avoid Public Health Failures7346 Words   |  30 PagesAlthough many forces contribute to obesity and poor diet, food industry behaviors such as marketing unhealthy foods to children, promoting large portions and betweenmeal snacks, and exploiting schools for commercial gain have raised calls for government regulation and paved the path for actions such as requiring calorie labeling in restaurants.4,5 Industry practices affecting children have raised special concern, particularly regarding food marketing.6 According to a recent report by the Federal TradeRead MoreEssay on Green Healthy Lawns and Lots of Toxic Chemicals2352 Words   |  10 Pageswalk dogs, orchestrate lawns, and listen to chirping birds? Yet, spring also brings us a medley of a different sort-a toxic soup of chemicals. 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Club Med free essay sample

Club Med postponed the launch and wondered if its concept was out of sync with the new reality. The Wanna Play concept had been planned as the theme to drive all other Club Med marketing programs. Wanna Play would encourage adults to add more pleasure to their lives, and involve their children in Club Med’s kids program. But most importantly, it was light-hearted and clear message to customers that Club Med cared about relationships, Vanderslice explained. After President George W. Bush and New York City Mayor Rudy Guiliani initiated the first baseball game of the World Series less than two weeks later, Club Med decided the time was right to launch Wanna Play. In difficult times, it’s more important than ever to identify and strengthen your core values, Vanderslice noteed. Short-term results should not preclude long-term brand building. To maintain the success of its rebranding, Club Med follows five principles. We will write a custom essay sample on Club Med or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (1) Successful branding efforts focus on building relationships. That is why branding goes beyond advertising, which is a monologue. Branding is a dialogue. (2) Successful brands seize extraordinary opportunities created by social and economic change. (3) Successful branding efforts allow both personalization and economies of scale. (4) Brands, by their definition, are differentiated. They express attitude, they tell stories, they resonate with consumers. (5) To be personal, branding cannot be the same everywhere. Club Med, which has 120 villages in 40 countries and five continents, is pursuing a rebranding strategy that is geographically diversified, Vanderslice said. Club Med uses the phrase, global but local. Because branding is about relationship building, the role of the culture is huge. The same service or product may have different benefits to customers who live in different cultures. Vanderslice summarized Club Med’s rebranding philosophy in two words, roots and links. The company is rooted in its original concept, which are the core values of freedom, creativity and spontaneity. Club Med also supports strong links between its villages’ and their guests, which ensure flexible responses to each guest experience and satisfaction.

Spinoza Essay Research Paper This paper will free essay sample

Spinoza Essay, Research Paper This paper will sketch Spinoza s statement in Part 1 of his Ethical motives of substance. He argues that there is merely one substance, which is the same as God, that includes everything in the existence. It will walk through each proposition and explicate his cogent evidence of it, which relies of his declared definitions. This paper will besides explicate the difference between Spinoza s belief of substance and that of Leibniz from his Discourse on Metaphysics. It will so reason that Leibniz s history of the figure of substances superior. Spinoza s first proposition is that substance is by nature prior to its fondnesss ( Cahn p.417 ) . This proposition relies on his definition of a substance which is self created. The fondnesss of the substance, harmonizing to his definition, are things that are created by something else. Since the substance is self-created, the substance must hold created the fondnesss from itself. Therefore, the substance is prior to its fondnesss since the substance has to be in being to make its fondnesss. Proposition 2, two substances holding different properties have nil in common ( Cahn p.417 ) , besides relies on the definition that a substance is self-created. If one property of a substance is created from that substance, it belongs merely to that substance. Therefore, two different substances holding the same property are non different, but the same substance. If two substances are genuinely different, they have none of the same properties. If all the properties of the two substances are wholly different, they have nil in common. One thing, which is wholly different from the other, can non hold caused the other. This is true because something created must hold some cognition of its Godhead, as stated in Spinoza s axiom 4. Since the two different things have nil in common, which includes no cognition of the other, one can non hold created the other. Spinoza states this in proposition 3. When things have nil in common, one can non be the cause of the other ( Cahn p. 417 ) . He besi des reaffirms this in proposition 4 by saying that things are different by the fact of differences in their properties or fondnesss. This fact is seen easy by looking at the proofs beforehand of propositions 1,2, and 3. Proposition 5 and 6 restate earlier propositions in footings of substances, as opposed to things. Proposition 5 provinces: In the existence at that place can non be two or more substances of the same nature or property ( Cahn p.417 ) . Since two substances are distinguished by a difference in their properties or fondnesss ( proposition 4 ) , the substances would non be different from one another if the had the same property. The two substances would be the same. Proposition 6 provinces that One substance can non be produced by another substance ( Cahn p.417 ) . If a substance were to make another one, they would hold something in common such as an property. However, there can non be two substances with the same property ( proposition 5 ) , they must hold different properties and, hence, be different. If the substances are different, they have nil in common ( proposition 2 ) , and substances with nil in common on could non hold caused the other ( proposition3 ) . One substance can non make another. Spinoza has proved all this about a substance, but has non proved that substance exists. In proposition 7 he does: Existence belongs to the nature of substance ( Cahn p. 418 ) . He states that since substance is self-caused, being is needfully involved in it kernel, intending that being is portion of its nature. Now that substance exists, Spinoza proves it is infinite. He says that if substance were finite, it would be limited by another substance with the same property of being. But no two substances can hold the same property ( proposition 5 ) . Therefore, substance is infinite. Since Spinoza has proved that there is a alone, infinite substance that exists, he now goes on to turn out that the substance is God, merely one of which exists. He must first include some propositions, which will be used subsequently to assist turn out this point. He begins by turn outing that the more existent something is, the more properties it has ( proposition 9 ) . He feels that this proposition is apparent in the definition of an property: that which the mind perceives of substance as representing its being ( Cahn p.416 ) . The more world that is associated with the kernel of a substance the more properties it has because an property is what the mind perceives the kernel of the substance to be. The substance itself must gestate each of these properties ( proposition 10 ) . Harmonizing to definition 3, gestating a substance does non necessitate the construct of something else with which to organize the substance. Besides, gestating something is based on its kernel. Therefore, attributes used to gestate a substance must be conceived through itself. Now Spinoza proves that God exists in proposition 11: God, or substance consisting of infinite properties, each of which expresses ageless and infinite kernel, needfully exists ( Cahn p.419 ) . He easy proves this utilizing axiom 7: if a thing can be conceived as non bing, its kernel does non affect being ( Cahn p.416 ) . He says it is absurd to gestate God as nonexistent since being belongs to the nature of God, or substance ( proposition 7 ) . He besides says that there is no substance that can turn out that God does non be since two different substances have nil in common ( proposition 2 ) . Therefore, God exists. Now that Spinoza has proved that the infinite substance of God exists, he proves that substance can non be divided in proposition 12. He that if it were divided, each portion would be infinite, self-caused, and would hold to hold different properties, doing several different substances to be caused from the one substance which is impossible because no substance can be caused from another ( proposition 6 ) . Proposition affirms that an perfectly infinite substance is indivisible ( Cahn p.421 ) . It is impossible to split an perfectly infinite substance because several substances would be with the same properties, which is impossible harmonizing to proposition 5. Spinoza now proves proposition 14 ; that no other substance other than God exists. Since God is an perfectly infinite being, any other existing substance would hold to exhibit an property of God. This is impossible because no two substances can be with the same property ( proposition 5 ) . Being is an property of God ; hence no other substance can be. Leibniz s place on substance differs form that of Spinoza in the figure of substances. Leibniz does non believe in one substance, but in many substances, or as he calls them monads. He believes that everything is made up of monads with their ain properties. These monads are in harmoniousness throughout the existence, neer coming in contact. He believes that anything thing that consists of monads with the same properties are non different, but the same, similar to the belief of Spinoza. The lone difference is the figure of substances. Leibniz s history of the figure of substances is superior. The many monads, each with its ain properties, allows for the many different things in the existence to be. Since everything does non hold all the same monads, they can be different. A Canis familiaris and a stone are evidently non the same. They are non the same because they are composed of monads with different properties. If they did consist of the same monads, they would be the same, and they evidently are non. Harmonizing to Spinoza, God is the lone substance. Everything we know is portion of God. God includes all properties. If I am portion of God, I contain all properties. However, I do non incorporate all properties. There are many that I do non include such and eternity. I am evidently non infinite. Leibniz s history of the figure of substances allows me to be, non incorporating every property. Bibliography Cahn, Stephen M. , ed. , Classics of Western Philosophy ( Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. , 1999 ) 416-421. This paper will sketch Spinoza s statement in Part 1 of his Ethical motives of substance. He argues that there is merely one substance, which is the same as God, that includes everything in the existence. It will walk through each proposition and explicate his cogent evidence of it, which relies of his declared definitions. This paper will besides explicate the difference between Spinoza s belief of substance and that of Leibniz from his Discourse on Metaphysics. It will so reason that Leibniz s history of the figure of substances superior. Spinoza s first proposition is that substance is by nature prior to its fondnesss ( Cahn p.417 ) . This proposition relies on his definition of a substance which is self created. The fondnesss of the substance, harmonizing to his definition, are things that are created by something else. Since the substance is self-created, the substance must hold created the fondnesss from itself. Therefore, the substance is prior to its fondnesss since the substance has to be in being to make its fondnesss. Proposition 2, two substances holding different properties have nil in common ( Cahn p.417 ) , besides relies on the definition that a substance is self-created. If one property of a substance is created from that substance, it belongs merely to that substance. Therefore, two different substances holding the same property are non different, but the same substance. If two substances are genuinely different, they have none of the same properties. If all the properties of the two substances are wholly different, they have nil in common. One thing, which is wholly different from the other, can non hold caused the other. This is true because something created must hold some cognition of its Godhead, as stated in Spinoza s axiom 4. Since the two different things have nil in common, which includes no cognition of the other, one can non hold created the other. Spinoza states this in proposition 3. When things have nil in common, one can non be the cause of the other ( Cahn p. 417 ) . He besi des reaffirms this in proposition 4 by saying that things are different by the fact of differences in their properties or fondnesss. This fact is seen easy by looking at the proofs beforehand of propositions 1,2, and 3. Proposition 5 and 6 restate earlier propositions in footings of substances, as opposed to things. Proposition 5 provinces: In the existence at that place can non be two or more substances of the same nature or property ( Cahn p.417 ) . Since two substances are distinguished by a difference in their properties or fondnesss ( proposition 4 ) , the substances would non be different from one another if the had the same property. The two substances would be the same. Proposition 6 provinces that One substance can non be produced by another substance ( Cahn p.417 ) . If a substance were to make another one, they would hold something in common such as an property. However, there can non be two substances with the same property ( proposition 5 ) , they must hold different properties and, hence, be different. If the substances are different, they have nil in common ( proposition 2 ) , and substances with nil in common on could non hold caused the other ( proposition3 ) . One substance can non make another. Spinoza has proved all this about a substance, but has non proved that substance exists. In proposition 7 he does: Existence belongs to the nature of substance ( Cahn p. 418 ) . He states that since substance is self-caused, being is needfully involved in it kernel, intending that being is portion of its nature. Now that substance exists, Spinoza proves it is infinite. He says that if substance were finite, it would be limited by another substance with the same property of being. But no two substances can hold the same property ( proposition 5 ) . Therefore, substance is infinite. Since Spinoza has proved that there is a alone, infinite substance that exists, he now goes on to turn out that the substance is God, merely one of which exists. He must first include some propositions, which will be used subsequently to assist turn out this point. He begins by turn outing that the more existent something is, the more properties it has ( proposition 9 ) . He feels that this proposition is apparent in the definition of an property: that which the mind perceives of substance as representing its being ( Cahn p.416 ) . The more world that is associated with the kernel of a substance the more properties it has because an property is what the mind perceives the kernel of the substance to be. The substance itself must gestate each of these properties ( proposition 10 ) . Harmonizing to definition 3, gestating a substance does non necessitate the construct of something else with which to organize the substance. Besides, gestating something is based on its kernel. Therefore, attributes used to gestate a substance must be conceived through itself. Now Spinoza proves that God exists in proposition 11: God, or substance consisting of infinite properties, each of which expresses ageless and infinite kernel, needfully exists ( Cahn p.419 ) . He easy proves this utilizing axiom 7: if a thing can be conceived as non bing, its kernel does non affect being ( Cahn p.416 ) . He says it is absurd to gestate God as nonexistent since being belongs to the nature of God, or substance ( proposition 7 ) . He besides says that there is no substance that can turn out that God does non be since two different substances have nil in common ( proposition 2 ) . Therefore, God exists. Now that Spinoza has proved that the infinite substance of God exists, he proves that substance can non be divided in proposition 12. He that if it were divided, each portion would be infinite, self-caused, and would hold to hold different properties, doing several different substances to be caused from the one substance which is impossible because no substance can be caused from another ( proposition 6 ) . Proposition affirms that an perfectly infinite substance is indivisible ( Cahn p.421 ) . It is impossible to split an perfectly infinite substance because several substances would be with the same properties, which is impossible harmonizing to proposition 5. Spinoza now proves proposition 14 ; that no other substance other than God exists. Since God is an perfectly infinite being, any other existing substance would hold to exhibit an property of God. This is impossible because no two substances can be with the same property ( proposition 5 ) . Being is an property of God ; hence no other substance can be. Leibniz s place on substance differs form that of Spinoza in the figure of substances. Leibniz does non believe in one substance, but in many substances, or as he calls them monads. He believes that everything is made up of monads with their ain properties. These monads are in harmoniousness throughout the existence, neer coming in contact. He believes that anything thing that consists of monads with the same properties are non different, but the same, similar to the belief of Spinoza. The lone difference is the figure of substances. Leibniz s history of the figure of substances is superior. The many monads, each with its ain properties, allows for the many different things in the existence to be. Since everything does non hold all the same monads, they can be different. A Canis familiaris and a stone are evidently non the same. They are non the same because they are composed of monads with different properties. If they did consist of the same monads, they would be the same, and they evidently are non. Harmonizing to Spinoza, God is the lone substance. Everything we know is portion of God. God includes all properties. If I am portion of God, I contain all properties. However, I do non incorporate all properties. There are many that I do non include such and eternity. I am evidently non infinite. Leibniz s history of the figure of substances allows me to be, non incorporating every property. Bibliography Cahn, Stephen M. , ed. , Classics of Western Philosophy ( Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. , 1999 ) 416-421.