Key Practices of Performance Management Essay Example for Free

Key Practices of Performance Management Essay The requirement for effective performance management: The performance management acts as a key measure to ensure that the goals and objectives are being consistently met that too in an effective and efficient manner. The management of performance focuses on the performance of the overall enterprise, all departments, employees and even the products or services. However, it does not just stop here as with performance management companies can align their resources, systems and employees which will help them attain their objectives and priorities. The goals of performance management programs: Only when the employee and the system align with one another can they ensure the delivery of strategic and operational goals. Some skeptics argue that there exists a relation between the use of performance management programs or software with improved organizational results. When considering the public sector, the performance managers changes from negative to positive which suggests that the difference in the characteristics of the system, and the different context that they are implemented play an important role in success or failure of the performance management. Sometimes using an integrated software rather than a spreadsheet based recording system will help in delivering a significant return of investments through the range of direct and indirect sales benefits. Measuring the operational efficiency will help in unlocking the latent potential of the employees that work. The benefits will include everything from the direct financial gain to a motivated workforce to the improved management. For the financial gains, it will grow sales, stop the overrunning of projects, and align the enterprise in direct manner to the CEO’s objectives. For the motivated workforce, it simply means optimization of incentive plans that defines the objective even for the over achievement and not for just the business as usual. Lastly, in the improved management control, the employees become more flexible and open to the management needs. They also display data relationships and helps audit to comply with the legislative requirement. Lastly, the process enables careful documentation and scenario planning. Types of performance management implementation Erica Olsen noted that in many businesses, even the ones with well made plans actually failed to implement appropriate strategy. For most, the issue lay in the ineffective management of the employees even with a business plan in place. Of course, they have conducted the necessary survey and collected the data, and also ensured management retreats to decide their organizational direction, but even with an expensive software in place, their plan can fail. Most of the time, their performance management and appraisals overlap and three types have been so far identified: Long cycle performance management: Usually done on a annual or a biannual or quarterly basis, from implementing this management, this the area that has received the most attention. These techniques predate the use of computers and therefore do not need any expensive software. Short cycle management performance: This overlaps with the principles of the agile software development which is mainly done on a week, monthly or bi-weekly basis. Usually this kind is industry specific. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/human-resource-management-homework-help

National Effluent Limitation Regulations At Nigerian Breweries Environmental Sciences Essay

National Effluent Limitation Regulations At Nigerian Breweries Environmental Sciences Essay Nigeria, a country with thirty six states situated in the western part of Africa, rich in mineral and natural resources, having a size of three hundred and fifty six thousand, six hundred and sixty nine square miles of land area, with ecological zones ranging from the dry savannas in the north, to the water abundant Niger Delta (about nine hundred and twenty three thousand, seven hundred and seventy three square kilometres) She is more than half the United States of American state of California, Nigeria has placed her name on the globe for recognition in exportation of petroleum oil, groundnut, palm oil and cocoa. Gaining her independence in 1960, she has been ruled and governed under the military and civilian era, with the later still in rule, also known as the era of democracy. Nigeria, like many other former British colonies operates a common law. The main sources of law in Nigeria are customary law (which was the legal system operating in Nigeria prior to the advent of the Briti sh colonial rule), the Nigerian legislation, and common law. The composition and nature of our environment has greatly been altered by activities such as industrialization, transportation, construction and other activities. Nigeria is a developing country and so, has industries situated in urban and rural areas, most of these industries are manufacturing and producing industries, and as such, tend to give off waste products which acts as pollutants to the immediate and surrounding environment. This essay covers air pollution control laws in Nigeria caused by brewing activities. BREWING ACTIVITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Brewing is a complex process with several stages, that tend to produce pollutants in form of fumes and effluent that causes environmental air pollution. The raw material collection process, produces dust which when inhaled makes the victim to sneeze and cough, for this reason, handlers are given protective gears to cover their nose, failing to realise that this dust particles still float in the air and pollutes the environment. The steam produced when the milled grains are boiling (wort production), and the addition of yeast to the cooled wort for fermenting the wort into beer, (the aeration process), the bottling and packaging which deals with water that is in turn converted to waste water that gives a stench before treated. Waste water from the industry (effluent), which is later on recycled and used to wash equipments in the factory, gives out a stench that offends neighbouring surrounding. In the effluent tanks, the odour produced poses as a nuisance to the surrounding environmen t in the form of air pollution. The law relating to air pollution in Nigeria is contained in numerous instruments as obtained in The National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007, an Agency of the Ministry of Environment Housing and Urban Development is charged with the responsibility of enforcing environmental Laws, regulations and  standard in deterring people, industries and organization from polluting and degrading the environment. According to the Environmental Law Research Institute 2007, (ELRI) for Nigeria, the synopsis of laws and regulations aims at inducing responsible attitudes and behaviours towards the environment are embedded in NESREA Act 2007 which replaced the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act, notes in Section 7, that it provides authority to ensure compliance with environmental laws, local and international, on environmental sanitation and pollution prevention and control through monitory and regulatory measures. According to the regulations under NESREA on National Effluent Limitation Regulations, Section 1 (1) requires industry facilities to have anti-pollution equipment for the treatment of effluent, but because policies are not given out to the general public, perhaps due to companys work ethics or policy, one can not say if the treatment of effluent is properly met in the brewing industry, however, because of the air pollution caused by this activity, it is recommended that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) comes into act to check if the industry has exceeded its limit in polluting the environment as stated in The National Environment Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities producing Waste) Regulations (1991), Section 1 Prohibits the release of hazardous substances into the air, land or water of Nigeria beyond approved limits set by the Agency. Also, the need for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to measure the level of impact and damage done to the environment is not applied, it is for this reason that both small and big industries still generate a lot of pollution to the environment. The E.I.A Act, as it is informally called, deals with the considerations of environmental impact in respect of public and private projects. Sections relevant to environmental emergency prevention under the EIA include:- Section 2 (1) requires an assessment of public or private projects likely to have a significant (negative) impact on the environment. However, this is not the case when compared with the activities of brewing, as it gives a negative impact on the immediate environment. Mwalimu in his text states The common law supplements statutory control and regulation of air pollution in Nigeria for example concerning tortuous liability under torts of nuisance and negligence. This means that the law is there to control and regulate air pollution. A tort is an injury incurred by one or more individuals, and it may involve mere inattention by the air polluter who allowed the injury to occur. The different stages are powered with generators which emit fumes into the air, the stages involved also releases fumes into the air, effluent water which is before treated acts as another means of air pollution. The fumes produced from the industry, derived as a result of the production from brewing, running of diesel operated generators (commonly known as diesel fumes) are a mixture of gases, vapours, liquid aerosols and substances made up of particles. They contain the products of combustion including: carbon (soot); nitrogen; water; carbon monoxide; aldehydes; nitrogen dioxide; sulphur dioxide; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This gases acts as pollutants and are suspended in the atmosphere where they cause greenhouse effect and lead to global warming. Most of these gases damage vegetation, respiratory system, product of complete combustion of organic compounds; implicated in global climate change. In other words they damage and pollute the environment; it is safe to say that brewing activities contributes to one of the major sources of pollution. Environment is a very broad concept and involves everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. According to Srinivasan our environment comprises atmosphere, water, earth, and space. In his book, Chauhan defined environment in different ways; 1. It is in totality of all social, biological and physical or chemical individually as well as collectively that compose the nature and man-made surroundings. It refers to the sum total of conditions which surrounds man at a given point in space and time. It is the representative of physical components of the earth where in man is the important factor influencing his environment It would appear that what the author means by environment is the totality of the surrounding body (air, land and water) that can be seen and felt by living organism. Pollution is when different activities done by man makes the environment (air, land and water) dirty, Saunders in his text defines Pollution as The introduction by man of waste matter or surplus energy into the environment which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment other than himself, his household, those in his employment or those with whom his has a direct trading relationship. This means that for every action man has taken has caused pollution directly or indirectly. Olanrewaju and Chukwukere defined air pollution as the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, biological materials that may cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere and further classified sources of air pollution into anthropogenic sources and natural sources. Tiwary and Colls stated in their book that air pollution has been with us since the first fire was lit, although different aspects have been important at different times. While many would consider air pollution an issue that the modern world has resolved to a greater extent, it still appears to have a considerable influence on the global environment. It would appear that the authors mean to say that air pollution, has been in existence from the beginning of time where fire was discovered and possibly before then. Vallero in his text defined air pollution in page three of his book as Air Pollution is the presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. Hill in his text said Pollution occurs because no process is one hundred percent efficient the author means that pollution is inevitable but can be managed. As stated above, there is no process or activity done by any living organism that does not result in one form of pollution or the other. A good example of air pollution includes failure to inspect the operation and maintenance of electrostatic precipitators or failure to design and size an adequate abatement technology. Effect of Air Pollution on Health of Humans Olarenwaju and Chukwukere, the effect of air pollution and disturbance of natural air causes different health problems such as difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions, pulmonary exacerbations, vascular dysfunction, increased thrombus formation, brain damage, cancer, and increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. For this reason, legislations and regulations have been made for producing industries to abide in, and breach in this has its consequences. This legislation in relation to environmental law constitutes interlocking body of treaties, conventions, statutes, regulations, and common law that, very broadly, operate to regulate the interaction of humanity and the rest of the biophysical or natural environment, toward the purpose of reducing the impacts of human. The polluter can be held responsible for the damage to human health. These laws and regulations are in the constitution but are not enforced in the country, because pollution is still on the increase in this developing country. The use of generators to power the factory, or a house or machineries has led to not only air pollution but also noise pollution. According to Abdulkareem in his case study on Urban air pollution by computer simulator, Urban Air pollution due to activities of process industries is one of the main problems faced by the industrial area of the world. This means that, as long as there is an industrial process going on, air pollution would still be present. The action carried out by the brewery industry does not promote clean air, and therefore pollutes the air and this causes discomfort for the inhabitants of the surrounding environment, and the regulatory bodies are not efficient in carrying out their duties, unlike the United Kingdom, where Legislations are constantly reviewed and put into place to fish out industries and companies that are exceeding the pollution limit, environmental permits are in place, pollution prevention and control permits are also in place to check for stake holders that breach laws and to check for hw air pollution is regulated. As earlier said, there is no process that does not pollute the environment. The Pollution Prevention and Control permits (PPC) of the United Kingdom states that If a business operates in Northern Ireland or Scotland, the business would require a PPC permit from an environmental regulator before such business would be allowed to operate. The NEW Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) HYPERLINK http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2172/contents/madeRegulations 2010 SI 675 pHYPERLINK http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2172/contents/maderovides a consolidated system for environmental permits and exemptions for industrial activities, mobile plant, waste operations, mining waste operations, water discharge activities, groundwater activities and radioactive substances activities. It also sets out the powers, functions and duties of the regulators.HYPERLINK http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2172/contents/made Unlike the United Kingdom where the public has the right to know the legislation for air pollution control, the public is unaware of this legislation in Nigeria. Very little is put in place for the public, there is no clean air act, which gives powers to local councils to control domestic and industrial smoke to improve local air quality and meet EU air quality standards for sulphur dioxide and particulates. The English air legislation controls emissions of gases, dark smoke and other airborne pollutants that harm the quality of the atmosphere. It includes environmental permitting and authorising regimes and, via the climate change framework, establishes financial incentives to switch to less-polluting ways of working. NEW Aerosol Dispensers Regulations 2009 SI 2824 aims to protect public health by prohibiting the supply or possession of aerosols not marked as conforming to safety standards. RECOMMENDATION: This regulation has been in place to meet up to the cleanliness of the environment, but because of the corruption of the land, such laws are not enforced and therefore, it is ignored. The industries still run and release aerosols and fumes into the atmosphere, damaging the immediate environment.

Symbolism Of Illusion In The Glass Menagerie

Symbolism Of Illusion In The Glass Menagerie Illusion is the most important word in the thematic and symbolic organisation of the play, The Glass Menagerie. Williams wastes no time in pointing out the illusions that are important in the play. The stage directions tell us that transparent walls create the illusion of an apartment building, while music and coloured lights suggest a dance hall across the alley. The fire escape that leads into and out of the Wingfields apartment only seems to provide an escape from what Williams calls the slow and implacable fires of human desperation. Several times Tom comments directly to us that America in the 1930s believed that the worlds trouble were not important enough to worry about. The young people though that change and adventure were possible in their lives only through hot swing music and liquor, dance halls, bars, and movies, and sex. But, in truth, the world in the 1930s was not waiting for the sunrise, according to the popular song; it was waiting for the bombardments of the Second World War. As Williams takes us inside the Wingfields apartment and the lives to his characters, he reveals more illusions and he shows how his characters use them and respond to them. To avoid the unpleasant truth of her familys present and probable future condition, Toms mother, Amanda, cherishes several illusions. She believes that she still has the charm she once had as a young girl in Blue Mountain, and she treasures the memory of having received seventeen gentlemen callers one Sunday afternoon, any one of whom she could have married. She believes that her children are bound to succeed since they are just full of natural endowments. The fact is that Tom is close t losing his job at the warehouse, has decided to become a merchant seaman, yet really wants to be a writer. Toms sitter, Laura, suffers from acute shyness, is lame, and seems interested only in caring for her collection of glass animals and listening to old phonograph records. It is typical of Amandas desperate clinging to illusio n that she believes Laura can be happy and successful is she goes to business college and learns to type. It is almost painful for us to watch Amanda convince herself that the gentleman caller Tom has invited for supper is a remarkable young man who will be a fine suitor for Laura. She believes that if she makes Laura look pretty and attractive, if she alters one of her old dresses to wear herself, shines up the three remaining pieces of wedding silver, recovers the furniture, gets a new lamp, and if she herself plays the role of a charming, youthful Southern matron, Lauras gentleman caller will be so captivated that he will become a frequent caller and will eventually marry Laura. The fact is that Him OConnor is only an average fellow, whose moments of popularity and success are fading memories of high school days. He seems to feel sorry for Laura as a brother might rather than enamoured of her as a suitor. What is more, Jim is engaged and when he makes his announcement, Amandas il lusion is smashed. While Him OConnor temporarily becomes an illusion of Lauras salvation in Amandas mind, Jim also has illusions. He has created them in order to believe in a happy and successful future. Jim has faced the fact that he has not achieved the success everyone in high school expected of him, but he believes that he can still capture it. By taking a course in public speaking and thereby gaining social poise, he is certain that with his brains and ability he will be fitted for an executive position. He also believes that by taking a course in radio engineering he will be able to get in on the ground floor of the television industry and go right to the top of the ladder of success. Jims buoyant self-confidence, native sincerity, and boyish insensitivity to many of the things going on around him help him to create his illusions. The various generalizations that he proclaims about life, himself, and other people provide him with a protective cloak but the cloak may well turn out to be threadbare as time passes. Laura, shy and withdrawn as she is, also has illusions. She believes that, when she was in high school and wore a brace on her leg, everyone used to watch her when she was late for chorus practice and had to go clumping to her seat in the back row of the auditorium. In explaining her agonized self consciousness, she tells Jim that, to her, the clumping sounded like thunder. Of course, Jim never even noticed. When Laura talks to Jim about her favouite glass animal, a unicorn, she is really talking about herself. She develops her illusion by saying that the unicorn loves the light, may feel lonesome being different from the other animals, but does not complain about it and get along nicely with the horses that do not have horns. She also says that all of her glass animals like a change of scenery to the movies or to the Jewel-box, where they raise the tropical flowers, instead of going to her classes at business college. When the unicorn falls from the table and loses his horn, Laura s ays that she will imagine that the unicorn had an operation, that the horn was removed to make the unicorn feel less freakish. Similarly, in her brief time with Jim, during which they talk, dance, and kiss, Laura apparently feels less freakish. To explain why Jim has been beyond her reach, Laura has imagined that Jim married Emily Meisenbach. When she learns that he did not, Laura hopes that Jim will call on her again or ask her for a date. Her momentary hope is destroyed, however, when Jim announces that he is going steady with a girl named Betty and that they are in love. Although she has illusions, Laura, nevertheless, seems to have accepted what she is and what life has offered to her. She does not try to gloss over or deny the ways things are as Amanda does. She does not project a happy and successful future for herself, as Jim does for himself. Nor does she quarrel with the way things are, as Tom does. Like the animals in her glass menagerie, Laura remains delicate and vulnerable. In her own way she is hard, as glass is hard, and just as easily damaged if not protected, but she also possesses beauty as fine glass does and an inner light of varying shades of colour. With his apparently clear view of the facts around him. Tom seems, at first, to have not illusions. He believes that by joining the Union of Mrechant Seamen he will even escape the fanciful views and pretensions that others have. As a traveler, he will experience change and adventure first-hand and so dispel what he regards as the harmful illusions about life and the world that surround him in his family and in society. At the end of the play, however, Tom admits that he has been pursued by the memory of his sisters fragile existence. His escape itself was an illusion, and he discovers that he has been more faithful to Laura than he intended to be by continuing to remember and appreciate the fragile, the delicate, the beautiful things that Laura appreciates and comes to represent. Since the play itself and the characters are so obviously immersed in illusions, what is the truth that Tim Wingfield in his opening speech promises to reveal? What is Tennessee Williams theme in The Glass Menagerie? Illusions are deceptions, misinterpretations of the facts, and so would appear to be things to avoid, to be rid of; yet at the same time it is impossible for human beings to escape them. Williams shows us clearly that the various illusions the characters have are their means of coping with the facts of their lives. However foolish and silly their illusions may seem, all of the characters would suffer, perhaps even be broken, if they did not have them. Without pretense and self-deception, Amanda would have no self-confidence or hope for the future remaining after his failure to approach the success people had believed he would have. Laura would wither and die because she could not identify with anything, nor see beauty, delicacy, and truth in small, fragile, even commonpl ace things. Tom would nor escape because he could not hope to experience change and adventure. Unquestionably, illusions are potent things! But Williams does not say that illusions are necessarily better or more pleasant than facts. Just as facts can produce heartache and anguish knowing the clear truth about someone or something can sometimes be unbearable illusions, too, can bring sorrow and pain. Amandas are painful to Tom. Lauras and Toms are painful to Amanda, but perhaps the saddest illusion of all in the play is the one that prompts Tom to say good-bye to Laura. She is a reminder to Tom of an illusion-filled past that impeded his growth by obscuring his view of the way things truly are. To grow and to see things clearly, he had to leave. Moreover, when he says Nowadays the world is lit by lightning, Tim means that the world must be seen not in the soft, delicately flickering candle flame that is Laura but in the electric, dynamic illumination of a force beyond human influence. The force, manifest in lightning, is inexorable, and it blots out any candle flame. A glowing light, soft colour, or nostalgic sound or a shy, lame sister who appreciates such things has no place in the busy and insensitive world Tom sees around him. This belief, which is both Toms and the worlds, is, however, an illusion. That it is an illusion is shown by the very existence of the play. Tennessee Williams shows us that illusions, though hazardous, provide shelter from the hard facts of life. If we, like Tom, earnestly desire to escape the shelter and know these facts truly, we may have to give up out willingness to recognize and preserve the delicacy and beauty in life. This sacrifice may haunt us as it does Tom, but, according to Williams, the belief that we and the world must and will permanently say good-bye to all that Laura is and represents is itself an illusion-a sad deception.

Discussing Impression Formation Essay -- Psychology, Solomon Asch

Impression formation and stereotypes First impressions are considered very important. It is very common to hear people talk about the importance of giving a good first impression because that very first moment in which people see or meet someone new, shows them the kind of person they are most likely to be. How is personality impressions formed? Do first impressions have a much greater impact on judgements than subsequent impressions? How first impressions are formed has been a subject of interest by many researchers in the area of psychology. Past research in this subject suggests that primacy effects exist in impression formation. Solomon Asch (1946) conducted a study to see how people form impressions. Participants were given a set of traits describing a person. The list included Warm, Cold, Polite or blunt (among others). Participants rated the Generosity, Happiness, sociability and popularity (among other words) of the new person. One explanation was that we form impressions using some kind of gestalt or whole picture, with each piece of information influencing the others. An intelligent & warm person generates a positive impression an intelligent & cold person generates a negative impression. Asch’s experiments on formations of personality impression suggested that when adjectives describing a person are presented in sequence, the first adjectives have more impact than the later ones. The same words used to describe a person could produce very different ratings of that person depending on the order in which the words were presented. When adjectives with more positive meaning were given first followed by words with less positive meaning, the participants tended to rate that person more positively, but when t... ... saying what they think or believe. Taking all this information into consideration, the present study sought to investigate the effects occupational stereotypes have on forming impressions and personality judgements. The aim of the study was to see how different groups of participant rated a photograph of an unknown individual on things such as likability, wealth, education and status. This was done by using three separate groups, the same face was used on each image but the job title was changed for each test group. The experimental hypothesis states that the participants would rate the lower class job titles lower on likeability and financial status and the higher class job titles higher on wealth and likeability. The hypothesis being that the job title of solicitor would be rated higher in all aspects of likeability than the job title of Dustbin man.

Shakespeares Macbeth and Euripedes Medea :: comparison compare contrast essays

Shakespeare's Macbeth and Euripedes' Medea  Ã‚   Shakespeare's Macbeth, and Euripedes' Medea, are both tragic plays in the classical sense. Both Medea and Macbeth lust for the unattainable, and that lust destroys them. It cannot be said which character is a truly tragic figure, because both fit the description. However, if either character deserves more sympathy it is Madea, the jilted wife, not Macbeth the King killer. Macbeth's lust for power and his willingness to please his wife leads to his downfall. He murders the children of his one time friend, and suffers the consequences of that sin. Medea murders her own children in her quest to win back her lover Jason. She does this to seek revenge, since Jason sees the children not as theirs, but as his. She also, like Macbeth seeks to kill her rival, Jason's new lover, the daughter of King Creon of Corinth and a 'real Greek'. Both Euripedes and Shakespeare use the supernatural to enhance their plays. Macbeth is influenced by the prophecy of the three witches. Madea, who is a witch he rself, is influenced by the mythological Gods of ancient Greece. Macbeth's and Medea's ambitions and lust lead to tragic conclusions in their lives. Urged by his henpecking wife, Macbeth lusts for the throne. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is likeable, but we soon see his dark side that will lead to his tragic downfall. The play starts with Macbeth and Banquo as co-leaders of the Scottish army, are returning from battle when they meet three witches. The witches prophesy that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawder and, later, king. bodyOffer() 1. Witch. All hail, Macbeth. Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! 2. Witch. All hail, Macbeth. Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! 3. Witch. All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King here- after! (Act 1. Sc. III, lines 50-55) They tell Banquo that he will not be king himself but he will have his descendants as kings: 1. Witch. Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. 2. Witch. Not so happy, yet happier. 3. Witch. Thou shalt get Kings, though thou be none. So all hail, Macbeth and Banquo! (Act 1, SC. III lines 70-74) Here we see Macbeth's ambitions begin to appear. He begins to consider the possibility of becoming king! There is a chance that King Duncan might choose Macbeth, a cousin, as his successor, but Macbeth’s hopes are destroyed when Duncan names his son, Malcolm.

Challange Faced by University Students Essay

Education is the most important aspect of learning for every generation established in every mode. In university there are different field of studies with different years of each program. It is obvious that new students are going to face further challenges in university. In this case, these challenges could be the burden which can pull them out of the school without completing their studies. This essay will discuss these challenges in condition of financial, social, and academic. To begin with, financial problems are a major challenge for university students includes tuition fee, rent expenses, and text books. Tuition fee is the most common challenge for these students. Though, for some they only take one or two units per semester because of financial problems. The high costs of fee causes many problems for those who are not sponsored. Besides, fee expenses for each semester cost of thousands of dollars. So, tuition fee is a great burden for the unsponsored students. Furthermore, text books are the most essential property students must have in university. First year students also suffered in buying text books regarding to financial problem. Those who are not sponsored are suffered the most on the high cost of these books. Another challenge is that some of them have not enough money in a pocket. But in this case, such challenges can create lot of troubles in their minds throughout their time in the university. Moreover, rent is also a challenge for these students. These students might live in different hostels where some are cheap but isolated from the campus, and some are nearby the campus but expensive. It is better to live nearby the campus for new students to avoid troubles. However, they have problem with monthly rent where it is expensive but must be cleared. Another reason is based on a small amount of their allowance which cannot meet their expenses on rent and others. However, these financial challenges make them concern the most. Another major†¦ [continues].

Regulating exploration

To evaluate the existing legal and extra-legal measures used in regulating exploration and production of crude oil in Nigeria, examining the impact of such statutory provisions like the Land Use Act of 1978 and the Nigerian Oil and Gas Content Development Act of 2010 on the industry and discussing their merits and demerits. To find out what current reforms are being planned in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry, for example, The petroleum Industrial Bill (BIB) What are your research questions?What are the applicable laws concerning Oil & Gas production/management in Nigeria? Specifically, what is the rationale behind the enactment of some statutes like the Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010 by the Nigerian Government and how far are public policies biased in favor of â€Å"Indigestion and Negotiations† in the oil & gas sector in Nigeria? What are the current proposals for reforms and what are the future trends for the regulation of Oil and Gas management/production in Nigeria? What is the rationale for your study? 200 – 300 words) Include in your rationale how the research will impact on the organization I have chosen to study this particular research topic of ‘Public Policy and Regulation in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Sector' because it would give me a first-hand understanding of the applicable local laws and regulations pertinent to the Nigerian IL and Gas industry as well as demonstrating a good knowledge of the historical perspectives of state regulation and policies generated by governmental/public interests within the Nigerian petroleum industry.This Study will enable me to explore some of the challenges facing the Nigerian Oil Production like Kidnapping of oil industrial workers/ investors and theft of Crude oil and examine how the State is responding through its public policy and legal frameworks. It is crucial to know if those responses in legal sense are actually working to the benefit of the people or there are loop-hole s.This research will have great impartation on the Nigerian oil and Gas sector because if the study shows any gap or weakness in the applicable laws on this sector, further steps would need to be taken by the Nigerian government to enact new laws or review the existing ones in the interest of the public to bring stability and enhance the economy of Nigeria in the Oil and Gas Industry. Brief review of relevant literature (500 – 600 words) with a minimum of 6 key publications cited. Books 1 . Recuperation. S. (2009) The Political Economy of Oil and Gas in Africa-The case of Nigeria London: Rutledge.This book focuses on the Nigerian Oil and Gas industry. It critically examines the role of Africa in the contribution of Oil and Gas resources to the global energy market and provides an overview of Oil and Gas management activities in some African developing countries. Apart from Nigeria, the book also explores the petroleum production activities in Algeria, Libya, Egypt and Angola and extends its evaluation to the Gulf of Guiana to show its significance as a prolific hydrocarbon bearing zone. 2. Daniels, N Y. (2011) Nigerian Laws, Cases & Materials on Oil & Gas Loosely Baja: Institute for Oil & Gas Law.The book contains detailed Insignia's oil and gas legal system including upstream and downstream petroleum and gas operations. The work is a single compendium comprising all current Laws, Regulations, Cases and commentaries relating to the whole oil & gas industry in Nigeria. 3. Gordon, G. Paterson, J. And Assumes, E. (2011) Oil and Gas Law: Current Practice and Emerging Trends, 2nd edition, Dundee: Dundee University Press. This book widely covers a lot of issues surrounding the general management of oil and gas and its legal frame works.It includes security of petroleum resources, allocation of risks in the oil and gas industry. It details many challenges facing the exploration, production and transportation of petroleum resources including trans-national pipe lines. 4. Goad, M. (1999) Petroleum Development Contracts with Multinational Oil Firms: The Nigerian experience, Maturing: El-Lincoln Services This book specifically focuses on forms and structures of oil and gas management contracts between Nigeria and multinational oil corporations (Moons).It deeply looks into the negotiations which is characterized by contractual obligations between Nigeria seems to be at a disadvantage in comparison with the multinational oil corporations in regards to genealogy, risk capital and management skills in preparation of any legal document. The author critically explore on those significant matters such as oil and gas management control, ownership, technology transfer and issues of indigestion. He also examines the country foreign investment and its oil and gas management policies. The book principally draws on political economy writings in Economics, Politics and Law.It focuses on the question as to whether the petroleum contracts strike a balance be tween foreign exploitation and national policy objectives. Journal Articles 5. Heron, J. 2013) ‘Shell Recommits to Nigeria', Energy Journal, June. 24. The article gives an insight to the recent declaration given by Shell that it intends to remain in Nigeria. Despite several criticisms with accusations of its involvement in human- rights violations and environmental pollution coupled with the kidnapping of its employees in its 77 years of operation in Nigeria, a new investment from its Joint venture totaling $3. Billion was announced. 6. Doable, F. (2013) ‘Implications of new Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010', International Law Office This study looks at the provisions of he 2010 Act and its effect on the operations of oil and gas management in Nigeria. The research focuses on the weaknesses and strength of the statutes, its criticisms and the weight of public policy in it by the government. Outline of research methodology, including Justification for cho ices The following are the methods I hope to employ in my research.Literature Review: This will involve reading books and relevant Journals on the subject of regulation in the Nigerian Petroleum industry. This will give me an insight into the historical perspective of state control and public policy decisions in the country and allow me o sample the opinions of other scholars on the topic. It will also generally allow me to compare my research work with the works of other people and make my own valuable contributions to complement existing studies.Online Research: This will involve going onto the internet to read pertinent news and articles and also extract information from the official websites of companies and government agencies operating within the oil sector in Nigeria. It will also involve an exchange of e-mails with other oil and gas law scholars/researchers. This will give me access to a large vault of useful information for my study/research. Data Collection Methods. Please provide a detailed description of the data collection method(s), study sample, covering selection, number, and if appropriate, inclusion and exclusion criteria.The participants involved in the study and the data collection methods to be used are as follows: Participant Data Collection Method Reason for choice of method Population Size Sample Size Sample Criteria Data Collection Date Former Oil & Gas law colleagues Via e-mail We've previously done many group works together in Aberdeen, Scotland 44 individuals approve 4 individuals Knowledge of Oil & Gas Law September 29th-2nd October 2013 Niger Delta community people Via-e-mail and post Reliable first-hand information can be thus obtained. 0% of the Nigerian population 10 individuals Living in the Nigerian oil-producing regions continuous Oil-Management Executives Telephone Expert information can be thus obtained from those directly involved in the oil industry 55,000 approve. 12-1 people Working in the Nigerian Oil Sector Chapter O utlines – what is going to be in each of your Dissertation chapters Chapter 1 Introduction (Note: the word counts are guidelines only) Chapter 2 Literature Review (2000 – 3000 words) Chapter 3 Methodology (1500-2000 words)